The in-process monitoring algorithm uses this information to check if the system has been correctly installed. While moving, a depth camera collects 3D data about the system being installed. The mobile robot can follow operators and localise the position of the inspection using a thermal camera and 2D lidars. This work presents a mobile robot capable of autonomously inspecting aircraft systems and providing feedback to workers. To improve current methods, an automated system that ensures quality control and process adherence could be used. Also, the paper provides discussions on the current situation, upcoming challenges, and possible future trends for researchers in this field.Ĭurrently, systems installed on large-scale aerospace structures are manually equipped by trained operators. State-of-art challenges are reviewed and discussed. This paper reviews the current high-throughput plant phenotyping development in crop monitoring, including sensors, communication protocols, data management, and plant phenotyping platforms. The phenotyping platforms are integrated with various sensors and data communication systems, which can help to achieve automatic data acquisition and transmission. The high-throughput plant phenotyping studies aim to achieve fast and precise large-scale crop monitoring techniques with minimum environmental impact by applying special plant phenotyping platforms. The high-throughput plant phenotyping is crucial for crop monitoring on the data acquisition of large-scale crop characteristics. Current crop monitoring combines agriculture methodologies with other advanced technologies, including sensing technology, geographical information systems (GIS), Internet of Things (IoT), information and communication technology (ICT), robotics, and drone techniques to increase production with low labor cost. Crop monitoring is considered to be a potential solution for the improvement of food production. The current epidemic, population growth, and decreasing arable lands lead to a severe food crisis, which calls for productive and efficient agricultural methods to ensure a sustainable food supply for mankind. Other important results include a simplified co-registering method developed to overcome alignment issues encountered during orthomosaic creation using non-geotagged thermal images, and a set of insights and recommendations to reduce errors when deriving temperature readings from aerial thermal imaging. C, with a final accuracy better than 2.Furthermore, empirical line calibration models using ground reference targets were tested, reducing the errors on temperature measurements by up to 1.83 The blending modes tested also influenced the final accuracy, with the best results obtained with the average (RMSE = 3.14 Results among different flight altitudes revealed that the overall precision remained stable (R 2 = 0.94-0.96), contrasting with the accuracy results, decreasing towards higher flight altitudes due to atmospheric attenuation, which is not accounted by factory calibration (RMSE = 2.63-3.18 During the tests, the camera was able to deliver results within the accuracy reported by the manufacturer when using factory calibration, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.08 The aerial analysis was conducted using three flight altitudes replicated along the day, exploring the effect of the distance between the camera and the target, and the blending mode configuration used to create orthomosaics. In this study, we assessed the performance of the FLIR Lepton 3.5 camera in both proximal and aerial conditions based on precision and accuracy indices derived from reference temperature measurements. Moreover, the photogrammetry processing required to produce orthomosaics from aerial images can also be problematic and introduce errors to the temperature readings.
However, deriving accurate temperature readings from these cameras is often challenging due to the sensitivity of the sensor, which changes according to the internal temperature.
The development of low-cost miniaturized thermal cameras has expanded the use of remotely sensed surface temperature and promoted advances in applications involving proximal and aerial data acquisition.
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